What is OSI Layer? how to work Network Layer?

What is OSI Model Layer?

OSI sort for The Open Systems Interconnect ( OSI ) model has seven layers.

• Application
• Presentation
• Session
• Transport
• Network
• Data Link
• Physical

Network Layer?

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the network layer is layer 3. The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing through intermediate routers, whereas the data link layer is responsible for media access control, flow control and error checking and network connectivity.

And Hands This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.

The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, deciding which physical path the data should take based on network conditions, priority of service, and other factors. It provides: 

• Routing: routes frames among networks.
• Subnet traffic control: routers (network layer intermediate systems) can instruct a sending station to "throttle back" its frame transmission when the router's buffer fills up.
• Frame fragmentation: if it determines that a downstream router's maximum transmission unit (MTU) size is less than the frame size, a router can fragment a frame for transmission and re-assembly at the destination station.
• Logical-physical address mapping: translates logical addresses, or names, into physical addresses.
• Subnet usage accounting: has accounting functions to keep track of frames forwarded by subnet intermediate systems, to produce billing information.

See you Structure for network :

Thank you
Asraful.

What is Windows Sharepoint ?

Windows Sharepoint  Services is a portal-based platform for creating web based server platfrom file, managing and sharing documents and customized Web services. WSS is available as a free download included with every Windows Server license and is considered to be part of the Office 2003 productivity suite. and office 2007 porductivity suite.

Thank  you
Asraful .

Exchange Server Requirements and Plan for Exchange Server 2007

Back in December, Gosia Grabowska posted the article on how to install Exchange Server 2007 on Windows Server 2003, which walked you through the steps required for installing Exchange Server 2007 on Windows Server 2003.

In this article, I’ll go into a little more depth and walk you through installing Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 on Windows Server 2008.

Since the RTM (Release to Manufacturing) version of Windows Server 2008 has not been released at the time of this article, the installation covered here was performed on Beta 3 of Windows Server 2008. So beware: the installation may be a bit different on the RTM version.

Another thing I should point out is that the RTM version of Exchange Server 2007 does not support installing to Windows Server 2008.

Since Windows Server 2008 was not ready for development and testing of Exchange Server 2007 before its original release, support for the new operating system was postponed for the release of Exchange Server 2007 Service Pack 1. Exchange Server 2007 SP1, released in September of 2007, does support installing to Windows Server 2008 as planned.

If you’ve purchased the RTM version of Exchange Server 2008, SP1 is available for download at Microsoft TechNet.

Since Exchange Server 2007 SP1 includes all the files necessary for installing Exchange Server 2007 there is no need to perform any slipstreaming with the RTM version. Perhaps the Exchange team released SP1 packaged with all the Exchange 2007 installation files in an attempt to make installing to Windows Server 2008 as simple as to Windows Server 2003

BNP Chairperson Khaleda Zia is unwilling to cut ties with the Jamaat-e-Islami

BNP Chairperson Khaleda Zia is unwilling to cut ties with the Jamaat-e-Islami for its vote banks and influence over some Islamic organisations in and outside the country. Khaleda also fears that the ruling Awami League may join hands with the Jamaat if the BNP deserts the Islamist party, said BNP insiders. The BNP chief values the Jamaat for its financial clout, and dedicated leaders and activists, who can play a key role in waging a vigorous agitation, they said. BNP Senior Vice-chairman Tarique Rahman, elder son of the BNP chief, phoned her mother on Friday night and discussed the Jamaat issue, apart from other party-related matters, according to BNP sources. On condition of anonymity, a Jamaat leader told The Daily Star last night that his party was under pressure for its involvement in recent political violence, and opted to distance itself from the BNP for now as part of a new strategy. A leader of the BNP-led 18-party alliance said a pro-BNP professional body recently floated an idea that the Islamist party could stay with the BNP if it changed its name. “But the Jamaat policymakers didn't take the suggestion positively

Thank you
Asraful

Govt University Admission Test Dates

Admission Test Date of Public Varsities:
Govt University Admission Test Dates. The 239th permanent committee's meeting of Bangladesh University Council held at the VC's meeting room of Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University on September 2, 2013. Govt University Admission Test Dates.

Govt University Admission Test Dates. Admission test dates of almost all public universities have been fixed in this meeting. 29 VCs of different universities were present in that meeting.

However, admission test dates of Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology and Khulna University haven't been fixed yet. It will be declared later. Admission test dates are changeable for any circumstances.

The list of probable Admission test dates of 30 public universities are given below -
Govt University Admission Test Dates
University Name     Unit Name     Admission Test Date
Dhaka University     Ka unit     November 22
Kha unit     November 8
Ga unit     November 15
Gha unit     November 1
Cha unit     November 23
Jagannath University     Ka unit     November 22
Kha unit     November 8
Ga unit     November 15
Gha unit     November 1
Jahangirnagar University     All Unit     November 2-9
Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University     General Unit     November 29
Rajshahi University     All Unit     November 10-14
Chittagong University     All Unit     November 16-24
Bangladesh Agricultural University     General Unit     November 9
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University     General Unit     November 8
Sylhet Agricultural University     General Unit     December 1
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology     All Unit     November 2
Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology     All Unit     November 9
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology     All Unit     November 16
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology     All Unit     November 23
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology     All Unit     November 30
Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University     All Unit     October 25-27
Mawlana Bhasani Science & Technology University     All Unit     December 3-4
Noakhali Science & Technology University     All Unit     November 28-29
Jessore Science and Technology University     All Unit     November 30
Patuakhali Science & Technology University     All Unit     December 3-4
Pabna University of Science & Technology     All Unit     November 14-15
Islamic University     All Unit     November 16-21
National University     All Unit     December 20
Bangladesh Textile University     All Unit     November 8
Comilla University     All Unit     November 1-4
Barisal University     All Unit     November 27-28
Begum Rokeya University     All Unit     December 11-13
Bangladesh University of Professionals     All Unit     October 11
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University     All Unit     November 29-30
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University     All Unit     December 7
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University     All Unit     November 24-27
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology     All Unit     Not Declared
Khulna University     All Unit     December 7-9

It is mentionable that, i hope all person motivated for my site visit . application start date and end date of most of the public universities listed up, haven't been declared yet. To keep an eye on government university undergraduate admission circular please always visit Education Circular. If you want to get every information about Government University Admission via online without any cost please register with Education Admission Alert and get connected always with updated information.

what is Exchange Srver for Microsoft Outlook Exchange Server ,Why Exchange Server? and What is Outlook?

what is Exchange Server:
Microsoft Exchange Server is a mail server, calendaring software and contact manager developed by Microsoft. It is a server program that runs on Windows Server and is part of the Microsoft Servers line of products, it is web server for communication one to another.
Microsoft Exchange Server is the brand name for Microsoft's email server software and is typically found in corporations running Microsoft Windows Server. In addition to email Exchange Servers also provide centralized company address books, shared calendars and web browser access.

Why Exchange Server?

You can see why this year, Microsoft® Exchange 2010 won best mail server in InfoWorld’s Technology of the Year Award!
The solution is designed to reduce the costs of delivering secure and reliable B2C and B2B emails and offers the following key benefits:
Microsoft® Exchange Server will provide you with a reliable and easy-to-use messaging platform. It enables companies to reduce administrative and help desk overhead costs through its feature-rich administrative functions. Microsoft® Exchange Server also offers larger mailboxes, without the costs of additional storage space.
Microsoft® Exchange Server increases staff productivity by providing users with access to their emails and communications from home, work, away from the office or abroad. It increases productivity by simplifying communication and offers a rapid and effective means of communication.

What is Outlook?

When a business uses Exchange, most employees never deal directly with Exchange itself. Exchange is the backbone of the system, where data is stored, and it’s best left to the techies. Instead, employees use Outlook, a friendly, familiar app built for end users, to access data on the mail Exchange Server. Outlook is the favorite and most widely used email and data management app for businesses. Even though Outlook can be used with any POP/IMAP email system, Outlook was designed to work with the mail Exchange Server. 

1. 1. DNS Server Not Responding Error – How to Fix it

   2. Reverse DNS and IP Lookup

   3. Error "Server Error in '/' Application.What does this mean?

   4. what-is-sql-pronounced-ess-que 

      1. http://newstips24.blogspot.com/2013/12/what-is-sip-serveravailable-editions-of.html 

    

Thank you
Asraful.

 

benefit of using body wash over shower gels

 Shower gel is really easy to use! Drop about a quarter size of the gel into a wash sponge or on a wash cloth. Then all you need to do is lather your body. Rinse when done.

Body wash, also commonly known as shower gel, is a pretty recent newcomer to the field of spa products.  Body wash is a generic term for liquid soap used to clean the body during a shower.  Many people wonder why one would purchase body wash when one could just use soap instead.  The reason that body washes are so popular is that they offer quite a number of convenient benefits over soap, and have a wide variety of applications, as well!

Ease of Use

The number one benefit of using body wash over shower gels is neatness and ease of use.  Soap can be slippery, can fall apart on you, and often leaves a lot of difficult to remove residue in your soap dish.  It can also be difficult to lather soap to the point that you feel really clean.  Body wash, on the other hand, comes packaged in a bottle, so it is easy to use exactly the amount you want without leaving any mess.  The best way to apply a body wash is to use a body sponge or pouf, which you can purchase for a dollar or two at any drug store.  Just pour a little bit of body wash on to the pouf to create a rich lather which you can use to wash yourself all over.  This method has the added benefit of being extremely exfoliating!

Versatility

Another benefit of using body wash is its versatility.  If you are using a natural body wash that foams well, you can even use it to wash your hair!  This is not recommended for every day use, but can come in handy on a vacation when you don't want to have to bring a bunch of separate bottles in order to have a nice shower!  Some body washes actually seem to work better as shampoos than certain products labeled as shampoos.  However, only do this with natural body washes that do not contain loads of synthetic chemicals, or you may dry your hair our.

The versatility of body wash does not end there.  Many natural body washes can be used as a lovely foaming bubble bath.  You can even use body wash as a beautifully scented hand soap, although it will probably be a bit expensive.

Sugar Scrub

Body wash can even be used to make a luxurious sugar scrub!  Sugar scrubs are moisturizing and exfoliating and cleanse away dry, dead skin, especially in wintertime.  Many shops charge incredible amounts of money for sugar scrubs.  Instead of spending all that money, try using the following recipe:  Take about 3 cups of turbandino or regular table sugar, 1/4 cups of sweet almond or other lightly scented carrier oil, 1/4 cup of jojoba oil (or more, if the sugar is not saturated with oil), and two or three teaspoons of your favorite shower gel.  Blend everything together and you will have an amazing, moisturizing sugar scrub at a very low price!


Here at Spiritual Scents we offer a wide variety of luxurious body washes formulated from all-organic, non-synthetic formulas.  They are delicately perfumed with beautiful essential oils and moisturize and nourish the skin.  Our Zen Shower Gel line also contains jojoba oil, Vitamin A, D & E, as well as chamomile extract for a healing, moisturizing aromatherapeutic experience. There are a vast variety of natural body washes to choose from, so you will be certain to find the scent that you like the best.  Try to look for a body wash that contains moisturizing oils and healing plant essences so that every time you use your body wash, your body and mind will be healed and refreshed!

Bios Loaded In the RAM / BIOS performs POST.

Bios Loaded In the RAM->

BIOS : BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM

It is used to boot from different devices.It is also used to set some advanced parameters of the hardwire devices such as ports,interfaces,clock speed,periferal modes,Boot device order etc.

BIOS performs POST->

POST: Power on self test.

to make sure the hardwires attached to the system working fine.

Thank you

Asraful.

what is Body wash ? Benefit of using body wash.

Body wash, also commonly known as shower gel, is a pretty recent newcomer to the field of spa products.  Body wash is a generic term for liquid soap used to clean the body during a shower.  Many people wonder why one would purchase body wash when one could just use soap instead.  The reason that body washes are so popular is that they offer quite a number of convenient benefits over soap, and have a wide variety of applications, as well!

Ease of Use

The number one benefit of using body wash over shower gels is neatness and ease of use.  Soap can be slippery, can fall apart on you, and often leaves a lot of difficult to remove residue in your soap dish.  It can also be difficult to lather soap to the point that you feel really clean.  Body wash, on the other hand, comes packaged in a bottle, so it is easy to use exactly the amount you want without leaving any mess.  The best way to apply a body wash is to use a body sponge or pouf, which you can purchase for a dollar or two at any drug store.  Just pour a little bit of body wash on to the pouf to create a rich lather which you can use to wash yourself all over.  This method has the added benefit of being extremely exfoliating!

Versatility

Another benefit of using body wash is its versatility.  If you are using a natural body wash that foams well, you can even use it to wash your hair!  This is not recommended for every day use, but can come in handy on a vacation when you don't want to have to bring a bunch of separate bottles in order to have a nice shower!  Some body washes actually seem to work better as shampoos than certain products labeled as shampoos.  However, only do this with natural body washes that do not contain loads of synthetic chemicals, or you may dry your hair our.

The versatility of body wash does not end there.  Many natural body washes can be used as a lovely foaming bubble bath.  You can even use body wash as a beautifully scented hand soap, although it will probably be a bit expensive.

Sugar Scrub

Body wash can even be used to make a luxurious sugar scrub!  Sugar scrubs are moisturizing and exfoliating and cleanse away dry, dead skin, especially in wintertime.  Many shops charge incredible amounts of money for sugar scrubs.  Instead of spending all that money, try using the following recipe:  Take about 3 cups of turbandino or regular table sugar, 1/4 cups of sweet almond or other lightly scented carrier oil, 1/4 cup of jojoba oil (or more, if the sugar is not saturated with oil), and two or three teaspoons of your favorite shower gel.  Blend everything together and you will have an amazing, moisturizing sugar scrub at a very low price!


Here at Spiritual Scents we offer a wide variety of luxurious body washes formulated from all-organic, non-synthetic formulas.  They are delicately perfumed with beautiful essential oils and moisturize and nourish the skin.  Our Zen Shower Gel line also contains jojoba oil, Vitamin A, D & E, as well as chamomile extract for a healing, moisturizing aromatherapeutic experience. There are a vast variety of natural body washes to choose from, so you will be certain to find the scent that you like the best.  Try to look for a body wash that contains moisturizing oils and healing plant essences so that every time you use your body wash, your body and mind will be healed and refreshed!

What is shower gel used for?

 Shower gel is really easy to use! Drop about a quarter size of the gel into a wash sponge or on a wash cloth. Then all you need to do is lather your body. Rinse when done.

Body wash, also commonly known as shower gel, is a pretty recent newcomer to the field of spa products.  Body wash is a generic term for liquid soap used to clean the body during a shower.  Many people wonder why one would purchase body wash when one could just use soap instead.  The reason that body washes are so popular is that they offer quite a number of convenient benefits over soap, and have a wide variety of applications, as well!

Ease of Use

The number one benefit of using body wash over shower gels is neatness and ease of use.  Soap can be slippery, can fall apart on you, and often leaves a lot of difficult to remove residue in your soap dish.  It can also be difficult to lather soap to the point that you feel really clean.  Body wash, on the other hand, comes packaged in a bottle, so it is easy to use exactly the amount you want without leaving any mess.  The best way to apply a body wash is to use a body sponge or pouf, which you can purchase for a dollar or two at any drug store.  Just pour a little bit of body wash on to the pouf to create a rich lather which you can use to wash yourself all over.  This method has the added benefit of being extremely exfoliating!

Versatility

Another benefit of using body wash is its versatility.  If you are using a natural body wash that foams well, you can even use it to wash your hair!  This is not recommended for every day use, but can come in handy on a vacation when you don't want to have to bring a bunch of separate bottles in order to have a nice shower!  Some body washes actually seem to work better as shampoos than certain products labeled as shampoos.  However, only do this with natural body washes that do not contain loads of synthetic chemicals, or you may dry your hair our.

The versatility of body wash does not end there.  Many natural body washes can be used as a lovely foaming bubble bath.  You can even use body wash as a beautifully scented hand soap, although it will probably be a bit expensive.

Sugar Scrub

Body wash can even be used to make a luxurious sugar scrub!  Sugar scrubs are moisturizing and exfoliating and cleanse away dry, dead skin, especially in wintertime.  Many shops charge incredible amounts of money for sugar scrubs.  Instead of spending all that money, try using the following recipe:  Take about 3 cups of turbandino or regular table sugar, 1/4 cups of sweet almond or other lightly scented carrier oil, 1/4 cup of jojoba oil (or more, if the sugar is not saturated with oil), and two or three teaspoons of your favorite shower gel.  Blend everything together and you will have an amazing, moisturizing sugar scrub at a very low price!


Here at Spiritual Scents we offer a wide variety of luxurious body washes formulated from all-organic, non-synthetic formulas.  They are delicately perfumed with beautiful essential oils and moisturize and nourish the skin.  Our Zen Shower Gel line also contains jojoba oil, Vitamin A, D & E, as well as chamomile extract for a healing, moisturizing aromatherapeutic experience. There are a vast variety of natural body washes to choose from, so you will be certain to find the scent that you like the best.  Try to look for a body wash that contains moisturizing oils and healing plant essences so that every time you use your body wash, your body and mind will be healed and refreshed!

File Permission /Read/ Write/ Execution and conclusion,

Conclusion:

***without read+write permission on the parent you can edit the file/contents, cat them But cannot create/delete contents/files.

***without read permission on the parent you can edit the file/contents and delete/create them as well.

***without execution permission on the parent you cannot edit the file/contents and cannot delete/create them as well. You cannot see the permission of contents also.

***without write permission on the parent you cannot delete/create contents/files in the parent folder/directory.

 

File Permission:

Execution permission of a file means whether the file can be executed or not. So it is only applicable to those file which are runable or executables I mean script or compiled binary executables. So unless it is a script or binary the max permission for a file will be 666.

Read permission means whether you can cat/vi it or not that means you cannot have the access until having read permission but still you can edit with echo command. If you vi it ,it will tell read only if there is no read permission though it has the write permission on it. So without reading or read permission you cannot edit it in an editor.

Write permission means whether you can change the content and save or not. But with read permission you can still vi it or cat it to see the content but cannot edit and save.

--------------------------Conclusion---------------------------

Without execution permission you cannot run a script/binary.

Without read permission you cannot cat the content or open the file with a editor.

Without write permission you cannot change/edit the content.

Prepared By:

Md. Asraful islam

CCNA,RHCSA,RHCE,OCP

itasraful@gmail.com