It is used to
boot from different devices.It is also used to set some advanced parameters of
the hardwire devices such as ports,interfaces,clock speed,periferal modes,Boot
device order etc.
BIOS performs POST->
POST: Power on self test.
to make sure the
hardwires attached to the system working fine.
1. Decide which type of Web mail account you want to open. Popular Web mail services include Yahoo!, Gmail, Hotmail, Comcast and Excite. Evaluate each service depending on its SPAM options (how does the service determine what is SPAM and how is it routed?), virus-checking abilities (for instance, does the system check attachments for viruses?), server reliability, and storage limits (some sites such as Yahoo and Gmail offer unlimited storage).
2. Click "Register," "Sign Up" or something similar to start the registration process. Fill in pertinent information, including your name, birth date, ZIP code, and desired user name and password. You will most likely be asked to create a security question. This is so you can retrieve your password and account information if you lose it.
3. Select an appropriate role (e.g. "Student Using Student
ID").
4. Click on PROCEED TO NEXT STEP.
5. After reading the Acceptable Use Policy click on I
ACCEPT.
6. Fill in appropriate information and click PROCEED
TO NEXT STEP.
Be sure to use a four-digit birth year.
Do not use hyphens when entering your Social
Security number.
If you are having trouble being validated,
technical support can be obtained by telephone at 973-443-8822
and by e-mail to FDUTAC@fdu.edu.
It is possible that the system may not have middle initial entered
or may have an incorrect birth date.
7. You may be required to select a PRIMARY
E-MAIL ADDRESS from the two choices provided.
The choices will be based on your name, as entered in FDU's database,
with and without your middle initial (e.g. albert_einstein@student.fdu.edu,
or albert_x_einstein@student.fdu.edu).
8. You will be required to create a LOGIN
NAME. This login name must be 2-8 characters in length using
only letters (a-z), numbers (0-9), and underscore followed by @student.fdu.edu
(e.g. einstein@student.fdu.edu). This Login Name cannot be changed
once it is created. You will use this Login Name to access your
e-mail using the web interface. E-mail can be sent to this address
as well as your Primary E-mail address.
9. You will be required to enter and re-enter a
PASSWORD that is 6-8 characters
in length.
10. You will need to provide a SECRET
QUESTION and ANSWER that
will be used for verification if you forget your password.
11. Click on PROCEED
TO NEXT STEP.
12. You will be required to enter additional personal
information. Fields marked with a red asterisk are mandatory. Click
on PROCEED TO NEXT STEP.
13. Be sure to print or copy down your e-mail addresses. Click OK.
Note:
E-mail can be addressed to either your PRIMARY
E-MAIL ADDRESS (e.g. albert_einstein@student.fdu.edu)
or your LOGIN NAME
(e.g. Einstein@student.fdu.edu). Help: There
are a number of resources available on-line at http://webdocs.fdu.edu/.
This site contains
information about the new mail system, including how to create
and maintain your account, the different methods
of accessing the system, and the benefits of each of these different methods. After you access your mailbox, a HELP
button is also available with information on using the Webmail interface. Additional technical support can be obtained
by telephone at 973-443-8822 and by e-mail at fdutac@fdu.edu.
Concerned about why your Windows 7/Vista/XP PC takes so long to boot
when you switch it on? One of the main reasons is due to the number of
programs that run at
system startup - and this is the place for you to identify and disable
them. Such programs typically (but not always) include an icon in the
System Tray in the bottom right-hand
corner of the screen - next to the clock.
Use for System restore
You can use the System Configuration utility to perform a system restore. There are three possible restore points:
System checkpoints that Windows schedules
Manual restore points that you specify with the System Configuration utility
Installation restore points that occur before you install a program or a service
You
can use the system checkpoints or the installation restore points to
restore your computer's settings to a date when it operated correctly.
This may also help determine the cause of the configuration error.
To perform a system restore, follow these steps:
Click Start, click Run, type msconfig, and then click OK.
On the General tab, click Launch System Restore.
Select Restore my computer to an earlier time, and then click Next.
Calendar dates in bold are possible restore points. Click the most recent one to view system restore information.
Select a system checkpoint or an installation restore point, and then click Next.
Close all other programs.
To start the system restore, click Next.
Your computer restarts.
Repeat steps 1 through 8 until you fix your configuration issue.
Using the System Configuration utility Windows XP
Start the System Configuration utility by clicking on Start » Run.
In the Run window, type msconfig and then click OK
The System Configuration Utility window should now appear. Click on the Startup tab.
You should now see a window similar to the one below.
SystemConfigurationUtility.jpg
This is a list of every program that starts when Windows is loaded. To disable a program, simply un-check the box next to it. If you are unsure if a program should be disabled, please either look it up on ProcessLibrary.com or contact the Help Desk for assistance (See Get help from the DoIT Help Desk).
When you are done, click OK to apply the changes. After you click OK, click on Restart when asked about restarting your computer.
After your computer has restarted and you have logged back in, check the box next to Don't show this message or launch the System Configuration Utility when Windows starts and then click OK.
On your keyboard, press the Windows key (the Apple key on Macs using Boot Camp) and R at the same time.
In the Run window, type msconfig and then click OK
Click on Continue if a User Account Control window appears.
The System Configuration window should now appear. Click on the Startup tab.
You should now see a window similar to the one below.
When you are done, click OK to apply the changes. After you click OK, click on Restart when asked about restarting your computer.
After your computer has restarted and you have logged back in, check the box next to Don't show this message or launch the System Configuration Utility when Windows starts and then click OK.
Click Start (Start>Run in XP), type regedit, and press ENTER. If you get a User Account Control message, click Yes.
Once you're in the Editor, navigate the left pane, as if it was
Windows Explorer, to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Shared
Tools\MSConfig\startupreg.
Now it's time for another precautionary backup. But this one only
protects the items that you're going to delete. In Regedit's left pane,
right-click the startupreg key (a key is Regedit's equivalent of a folder), and select Export. Save the file. Now
expand the startupreg key by clicking the little triangle to its left.
You'll find keys below it for all of MSConfig's unchecked autostarters.
To remove one, simply right-click it and select Delete.
Summary: This chapter presents a methodology and a
series of steps required to secure a Web server. The steps are divided
into common configuration categories, including patches and updates,
ports, protocols, accounts, services, files and directories and others.
This allows you to systematically walk through the securing process from
top to bottom or pick a particular category and complete specific steps
Brute Force Attack
In a brute force attack, the intruder attempts to gain access to a server by guessing a user password (usually the root administrator) through the SSH server, Mail server, or other service running on your system. The attacker will normally use software that will check every possible combination to find the one that works. Brute force detection software will alert you when multiple failed attempts to gain access are in progress and disable access from the offending IP address.
Open Relay A Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) normally uses an SMTP server to send email from your server’s users to people around the world. With an open relay, anyone can use your SMTP server, including spammers. Not only is it bad to give access to people who send spam, it could very well get your server placed on a DNS blacklist that some ISPs will use to block mail from your IP. It is very easy to close an open relay. Just follow the documentation for your MTA. Botnet
Attackers use botnets to automatically run and distribute malicious software on “agent” servers. They then use the agent machines to attack or infect others. Because all of this can be done automatically without user intervention, botnets can spread very quickly and be deadly for large networks. They are commonly used in DDoS attacks and spam campaigns. DoS
DoS stands for Denial of Service, and is a technique attackers will use to effectively shut off access to your site. They accomplish this by increasing traffic on your site so much that the victim’s server becomes unresponsive. While some DoS attacks come from single attackers, others are coordinated and are called Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. Often times, the users of computers executing a DDoS do not even know their computers are being used as agents. Cross-site Scripting Cross-site scipting or XSS is a technique that makes use of vulnerabilities in web applications. According to UK dedicated hosting server specialists at 34SP.com, the vulnerability allows the attacker to inject code in a server-side script that they will use to execute malicious client-side scripts or gather sensitive data from the user. You can fix most XSS problems by using scanner software to detect vulnerabilities and then fix whatever you find. SQL Injection
Like XSS, SQL injection requires a vulnerability to be present in the database associated with a web application. The malicious code is inserted into strings that are later passed to the SQL server, parsed, and executed. As with other vulnerability-dependent attacks, you can prevent it by scanning for problem code and fixing it. Malware
Malware can take many forms, but as the name implies, it is malicious software. It can take the form of viruses, bots, spyware, worms, trojans, rootkits, and any other software intended to cause harm. In most cases, malware is installed without the user’s direct consent. It may attack the user’s computer and/or attack other computers through the user’s own system. Having proper firewall and security software protection can usually prevent malware from spreading. Unpatched Software
Most threats to a server can be prevented simply by having up-to-date, properly-patched software. All server operating system vendors and distributions publish security updates. By installing them on your system in a timely manner, you prevent attackers from using your server’s own vulnerabilities against it. Careless Users
The number one, most prevalent threat to a server’s security is user carelessness. If you or your users have passwords that are easy to guess, poorly written code, unpatched software, or a lack of security measures like anti-virus software, you are just asking for trouble. By enforcing strong security practices and secure authentication, you can lessen or even eliminate most threats
How to Solve Problem : Server Security Certificate Not Yet Valid ?
Answer:
Some websites have a pop up message that say 'The security certificate
has expired or is not yet valid.' In this case, one must check the date
settings of the computer. Set the correct time and date
Through out the whole day I've been dealing with this message that
automatically shows up every time I try viewing or try signing into a
site. It shows up as a huge sign saying "Server Security Certificate is
not yet valid" with the included paragraph explaining that perhaps due
to my computers clock and time set that that;s why I'm getting this
constant annoying page. When in fact my computers time and date are
correct! and that it cannot indicate it is not from an attacker?
Recently i was unable to login to my Facebook,Gmail and Yahoo because
of Server Security Certificate Issue. I was facing critical issue. I
was frustrated and after research i have collected the following
information -
Detail Problem :
“You attempted to reach
www.google.com, but the server presented a certificate that is not yet
valid. No information is available to indicate whether that certificate
can be trusted. Google Chrome cannot reliably guarantee that you are
communicating with www.google.com and not an attacker. You should ensure
that your clock and time zone are set correctly on your computer. If
they are not, you should correct any issues and refresh this page. If
they are correct, you should not proceed.”
Solution :
The Solution to this problem is much simpler. You
have to synchronize your system clock. Detailed Step by Step Solution
will tell you how to synchronize your system clock.
Open your Date/Time Setting from the Window Task bar.
Set Correct Date and Time,
Now Open “Internet Time Zone” Tab.
Click on “Update Now” button so that it will start synchronizing your internet server timing.
After few seconds you will get message saying that you have synchronized correctly with server date and time.
Now try to login your Facebook and gmail , you will be able to login successfully.
To fix an Active Desktop Recovery Script error click Start followed by
Run and type regedit into the box. Select HKEY CURRENT USER followed by
Software, Microsoft, IE, Desktop and SafeMODE. After selecting
components, the value of DeskHtmlVersion should be set to 0 and the
settings saved before closing the registry.
If you are getting the "Active Desktop Recovery" error message at Startup, then follow the below procedure:
Click on Start> Run > type "regedit".
Expand the following key:
HKEY CURRENT USER ->Software -> Microsoft - > internet Explorer -> Desktop -> SafeMODE -> components
Set the value of DeskHtmlVersion to 0.
Save your settings and close the registry.
You can also attempt to reset Internet Explorer back to defaults to see if that resolves the issue.
1. Click START
2. Click 'Control Panel'
3. Double click 'Internet Options'
4. Click on the 'Advanced' tab and select 'Reset...' at the very bottom of the Window
5. Restart your computer
Microsoft Windows XP users
Open the Control Panel. Open the Appearance and Themes and then the Display icon or just click Display. Click the Desktop tab. Click the Customize Desktop button. Click the Web tab in the Desktop Items window.
If you wish to enable the Active Desktop, check My Current Home Page. Add your current home page into your desktop or click New to add another web page or other Active Desktop features. To update the content, click the Synchronize button.
If you wish to disable Active Desktop, make sure all checkboxes in this window are un-checked.
Microsoft Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000 users
Open the Control Panel. Open the Display icon. Click the Web tab in the Display Properties window.
If you wish to enable the Active Desktop, check the checkbox for "Show Web content on my Active Desktop" and select the home page you wish to use as the active desktop.
If you wish to disable Active Desktop, make sure that "Show Web content on my Active Desktop" is unchecked
If you are installing Windows 7 64 bit , it is recommended you have
20 GBsof free disk space. If its Windows 7 32 bit , its recommended you have
16 GBsof free disk space.
Minimum Hardware Requirements
The following table shows the minimum hardware requirements for Windows® 7 as provided by Microsoft:
Minimum 32-bit Operating System
Minimum 64-bit Operating System
Processor
1 GHz or faster 32-bit (x86)
1 GHz or faster 64-bit (x64)
Memory
1 GB RAM
2 GB RAM
Available Disk Space
16 GB
20 GB
Graphics
DirectX® 9 graphics processor with WDDM or higher driver
DirectX® 9 graphics processor with WDDM or higher driver
These
minimum requirements are for basic computing tasks such as word
processing and Web browsing. Additional memory and graphics may be
required for more powerful computing tasks.
The recommendations
above are provided by Microsoft. When using multiple programs or when
having several windows open simultaneously, Dell recommends at least 2
GB of system memory for a PC with 32-bit Windows 7 operating system and 4
GB for a PC with 64-bit Windows 7 operating system.
Additionally, the following are the minimum hardware requirements for running Windows 7 in Windows XP Mode1:
Processor: Intel® VT or AMD-V™
Memory: 2 GB (32-bit), 3 GB (64-bit)
Available Disk Space: 15 GB
Or others Requirement Windows 7 system requirements
If you want to run Windows 7 on your PC, here's what it takes:
1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor
1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver
Additional requirements to use certain features:
Internet access (fees may apply)
Depending on resolution, video playback may require additional memory and advanced graphics hardware
Some games and programs might require a graphics card compatible with DirectX 10 or higher for optimal performance
For some Windows Media Center functionality a TV tuner and additional hardware may be required
Windows Touch and Tablet PCs require specific hardware
HomeGroup requires a network and PCs running Windows 7
DVD/CD authoring requires a compatible optical drive
Windows XP Mode requires an additional 1 GB of RAM and an additional 15 GB of available hard disk space.
Music and sound require audio output
Product functionality and graphics may vary based on your system configuration. Some features may require advanced or additional hardware.
PCs with multi-core processors: Windows 7 was designed to work with today's multi-core processors. All 32-bit versions of Windows 7 can support up to 32 processor cores, while 64‑bit versions can support up to 256 processor cores.
PCs with multiple processors (CPUs): Commercial servers, workstations, and other high-end PCs may have more than one physical processor. Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate allow for two physical processors, providing the best performance on these computers. Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium will recognize only one physical processor.
\
Thank you.
I
have an "old" Windows 7 computer that I am transferring to a "new"
laptop running Windows 7. Both are running Windows Live Mail 2012. All
is well except for email. I have 4 email addresses that are used. The
properties of all 4 are the same on both computers. I can run send &
receive on the "old" and all is well. When I do the same on the laptop I
get the following error message for 1 of the addresses. Same address
all the time. The other 3 all have ne.twcbc.com as their server.
Server Error: 0x800CCC90
Server Response: -ERR
Server: 'pop.gmail.com'
Windows Live Mail Error ID: 0x800CCC90
Protocol: POP3
Port: 110
Secure (SSL): No
I have checked & double checked the properties in both computers.
Re-entered manually, etc and the issue continues. Any ideas?
This error is usually caused due to
your account name or password being entered incorrectly. To resolve this
error please follow the instructions below:
Launch Outlook Express
Once open please click on Tools
Click on Accounts
Select the Mail Tab
Highlight the relevant account - once highlighted blue, please click on the Properties button
Click on the Servers Tab
6a. Under the section labelled Incoming Mail Server please check you've entered your username in the text box labelled Account Name:, in lowercase.
6b. Please check you've entered the correct password in the box labelled Password:. Make sure that the Remember Password box has been ticked.
6c. Please ensure that the following two boxes are not selected: Log on using Secure Password Authentication My server requires authentication
Click on the Apply button and then the OK button
Click on Close to return to the main screen of Outlook Express.
Trace route and provide network latency and packet loss for each
router and link in the path. Combines the functionality of PING and
TRACER
Using the pathping command
The pathping command is a route tracing tool that combines features of the ping and tracert commands with additional information that neither of those tools provides. The pathping
command sends packets to each router on the way to a final destination
over a period of time, and then computes results based on the packets
returned from each hop. Since the command shows the degree of packet
loss at any given router or link, it is easy to determine which routers
or links might be causing network problems. A number of switches are
available, as shown in the following table.
Switch
Name
Function
-n
Hostnames
Does not resolve addresses to host names.
-h
Maximum hops
Maximum number of hops to search for target.
-g
Host-list
Loose source route along host list.
-p
Period
Number of milliseconds to wait between pings.
-q
Num_queries
Number of queries per hop.
-w
Timeout
Waits this many milliseconds for each reply.
-T
Layer Two tag
Attaches a Layer Two priority tag (for example, for
IEEE 802.1p) to the packets and sends it to each of the network devices
in the path. This helps in identifying the network devices that do not
have Layer Two priority configured properly. The -T switch is used to
test for Quality of Service (QoS) connectivity.
-R
RSVP test
Checks to determine whether each router in the path
supports the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), which allows the host
computer to reserve a certain amount of bandwidth for a data stream.
The default number of hops is 30, and the default wait time
before a time-out is 3 seconds. The default period is 250 milliseconds,
and the default number of queries to each router along the path is 100.
The following is a typical pathping report. The compiled statistics that follow the hop list indicate packet loss at each individual router.
When pathping is run, you first see the results for the route as it is tested for problems. This is the same path that is shown by the tracert command. The pathping command then displays a busy message for the next 125 seconds (this time varies by the hop count). During this time, pathping
gathers information from all the routers previously listed and from the
links between them. At the end of this period, it displays the test
results.
The two rightmost columns--This Node/Link Lost/Sent=Pct and Address--contain
the most useful information. The link between 172.16.87.218 (hop 1),
and 192.168.52.1 (hop 2) is dropping 13 percent of the packets. All
other links are working normally. The routers at hops 2 and 4 also drop
packets addressed to them (as shown in the This Node/Link column), but this loss does not affect their forwarding path.
The loss rates displayed for the links (marked as a |
in the rightmost column) indicate losses of packets being forwarded
along the path. This loss indicates link congestion. The loss rates
displayed for routers (indicated by their IP addresses in the rightmost
column) indicate that those routers’ CPUs might be overloaded. These
congested routers might also be a factor in end-to-end problems,
especially if packets are forwarded by software routers.
Running a pathping Windows XP
Click Start, then click Run. Type CMD and press Enter. Type pathping xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx > C:\pathping.txt and press Enter. Fill in the appropriate server address. A file will be created on your C:\ drive called "pathping.txt" that contains the pathping information. Please be patient while waiting for the pathping command to complete; it will take several minutes to finish unless an error occurs. You will know it is done when the command prompt reappears. You can find the pathping.txt file by navigating to your C:\ drive, via the Start Menu > My Computer > Local Disk (C:)
Windows Vista
Click Start. Click the Start Search text field. Type CMD. Right-click on the first result, cmd.exe, and select Run as Administrator. Type pathping xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx > C:\pathping.txt and press Enter. Fill in the appropriate server address. A file will be created on your C:\ drive called "pathping.txt" that contains the pathping information. Please be patient while waiting for the pathping command to complete; it will take several minutes to finish unless an error occurs. You will know it is done when the command prompt reappears. You can find the pathping.txt file by navigating to your C:\ drive, via the Start Menu > Computer > Local Disk (C:)
Windows 7
Click Start. Click in the Search for Programs and Files text field. Type CMD. Right-click on the first result, cmd.exe, and select Run as Administrator. Type pathping xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx > C:\pathping.txt and press Enter. Fill in the appropriate server address. A file will be created on your C:\ drive called "pathping.txt" that contains the pathping information. Please be patient while waiting for the pathping command to complete; it will take several minutes to finish unless an error occurs. You will know it is done when the command prompt reappears.
Windows 8
Click Start (Windows Key + Q). Right-click Command Prompt then select Run as Administrator. Type CMD. Right-click on the first result, cmd.exe, and select Run as Administrator. Type pathping xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx > C:\pathping.txt and press Enter. Fill in the appropriate server address. A file will be created on your C:\ drive called "pathping.txt" that contains your pathping information. Please be patient while waiting for the pathping command to complete; it will take several minutes to finish unless an error occurs. You will know it is done when the command prompt reappears.
Mac OS X
Go to the /Applications/Utilities folder and start the Terminal application. Type traceroute -S -q 30 xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx > ~/Desktop/pathping.txt Fill in the appropriate server address and press Return. A file will be created on your Desktop called "pathping.txt" that contains your trace route information. Quit the Terminal application.
What is Master Boot Record:
The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the first 512 bytes of a storage device.
The MBR is not a partition; it is reserved for the operating system's
bootloader and the storage device's partition table.
This page examines the Windows 7 MBR code. (We had this page near
completion, but lost it during our last move in May, 2010. Now even the Windows 7 RC
versions have expired! This page is still a work in progress,
but you'll find interesting facts about the code and a clear layout of
each assembly instruction as with all our previous MBR/VBR pages.) Whenever you install Windows 7 to a hard disk, even one with an existing MBR, its
first sector may be overwritten with the Windows 7 MBR code. (Note: If necessary, it will also change the Volume Boot Record of an
existing Active Windows boot OS; usually found in the first partition of a PC's first hard disk.) This code is also installed on blankhard drives when using Windows 7's Disk Management utility. NOTE: On our Windows 7 RC Install DVD, all 512 bytes of this MBR
(including the zero-bytes in the partition table) were found in boot\bootsect.exe, sources\upgdriver.dll and
sources\winsetup.dll; see below for more files containing this code. Like all other MBRs presented in this series, this MBR code could still be used to boot any
OS on some x86 PCs if it meets the conditions listed
How to Fix the Master Boot Record in Windows: One useful and often necessary thing you can do in the Windows Recovery Console is fix a corrupt or damaged master boot record (MBR). The MBR plays a role in starting your PC and what happens when it’s damaged. Recovery is entirely possible if you can access the Recovery Console and you know which command to type for your version of Windows.
In Windows 7 and Windows Vista, type the following command at the Recovery Console prompt:
BOOTREC /FIXMBR
Type the command exactly as written: BOOTREC, a space, a forward slash, and then FIXMBR not followed by a period. Press Enter.
In Windows XP, you type the following command to fix the master boot record at the Recovery Console prompt:
FIXMBR
Press the Enter key and then press Y and Enter to confirm.
For all versions of Windows, this command works instantly. You see another command prompt displayed. Type exit to quit the command prompt. Restart the PC if it doesn’t restart automatically.
When the computer restarts, whatever problems afflicted the MBR should be gone. For example, if you were removing a boot manager program, it no longer appears when the PC first starts.
No danger is involved in fixing the MBR; if it wasn’t damaged, running the FIXMBR command doesn’t screw anything up (well, unless something else is wrong with the boot drive).
What is the Application Data folder?
The 'Application Data folder' is a special folder that is only accessible
by your application. Its content is hidden from
the user, and from other apps. Despite being hidden from the user, the
Application Data folder is stored on the user's Drive and therefore uses
the user's Drive storage quota. The Application Data folder can be used to store
configuration files, saved games data, or any other types of files that the
user should not tamper with
The difference between My Documents and Application Data?
The most important difference between My Documents and
Application Data is that My Documents is where users store their files,
whereas Application Data is where programs store their files.
In other words,
if you put something in CSIDL_MYDOCUMENTS
(My Documents),
you should expect the user to be renaming it,
moving it,
deleting it,
emailing it to their friends,
all the sorts of things users do with their files.
Therefore, files that go there should be things that users
will recognize as "their stuff".
Documents they've created, music they've downloaded,
that sort of thing.
On the other hand, if you put something in
CSIDL_APPDATA,
(Application Data),
the user is less likely to be messing with it.
This is where you put your program's supporting data that isn't
really something you want the user messing with,
but which should still be associated with the user.
High score tables,
program settings,
customizations,
spell check exceptions...
There is another directory called
CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA
(Local Settings\Application Data)
which acts like CSIDL_APPDATA,
except that it does not get copied if the user profile roams.
(The "Local Settings" branch is not copied as part of the
roaming user profile.)
Think of it as a per-user-per-machine storage location.
Caches and similar non-essential data should be kept here,
especially if they are large.
Other examples of non-roaming per-user data
are your
%TEMP% and Temporary Internet Files
directories.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an IP standard
designed to reduce the complexity of administering address
configurations by using a server computer to centrally manage IP
addresses and other related configuration details used on your network.
The Microsoft® Windows Server 2003 family provides the DHCP service,
which enables the server computer to perform as a DHCP server and
configure DHCP-enabled client computers on your network as described in
the current DHCP draft standard, RFC 2131.
The Internet is a vast source of information that is continuously
updated and accessed via computers and other devices. For a device (also
referred to as a host) to connect to the Internet, it is necessary that
among other configurations, it must have an Internet Protocol (IP)
address.
How DHCP Works
DHCP provides an automated way to distribute and update IP
addresses and other configuration information on a network. A DHCP
server provides this information to a DHCP client through the exchange
of a series of messages, known as the DHCP conversation or the DHCP
transaction. If the DHCP server and DHCP clients are located on
different subnets, a DHCP relay agent is used to facilitate the
conversation.
The fastest and easiest way to open your ARR file is to
double-click it. This allows the intelligence of Windows to decide the
correct software application to open your ARR file.
In the case that your ARR file doesn't open, it is highly likely
that you do not have the correct software application installed on your
PC to view or edit ARR file extensions.
If your PC opens the ARR file, but it's the wrong application,
you'll need to change your Windows registry file association settings.
In other words, Windows is associating ARR file extensions with the
wrong software program.
.
File Extension ARR
Problems?
Most conflicts in ARR files and the vast majority of
other file extensions are registry conflicts. Repairing your PC
registry may correct many of your conflicts with ARR file extensions.
Issues with ARR file format? What would you like to
do to fix the ARR files?
At first you will be restart computer than press "f8" > safe command prompt > than you write #>net user Administrator Active :yes...than you press Enter ''
You press "Ctrl +Alt+Del"
press "Ctrl +Alt+Del"
now you restart Computer that you access you PC.you are ok
Other system :
How to Reset Your Forotten Windows Password the Easy Way
Forgetting your password is never any fun, but luckily there’s a
really easy way to reset the password. All you need is a copy of the
Windows installation disk and one simple command line trick.
Resetting Your Forgotten Windows Password
Boot off the Windows disk and select the “Repair your computer” option from the lower left-hand corner.
Follow through until you get to the option to open the Command Prompt, which you’ll want to select.
First you’ll want to type in the following command to backup the original sticky keys file:
copy c:\windows\system32\sethc.exe c:\
Then you’ll copy the command prompt executable (cmd.exe) over top of the sticky keys executable:
Once you get to the login screen, hit the Shift key 5 times, and you’ll see an administrator mode command prompt.
Now to reset the password—just type the following command, replacing the username and password with the combination you want:
net user geek MyNewPassword
That’s all there is to it. Now you can login.
Of course, you’ll probably want to put the original sethc.exe file
back, which you can do by rebooting into the installation CD, opening
the command prompt, and copying the c:\sethc.exe file back to
c:\windows\system32\sethc.exe.
The
technique we'll use contains a real life hack. We'll replace the Sticky
Keys executable with a command prompt, so that even without logging in,
we can pull up a command line and change the password, then use it to
log in.
If you don't have a Windows installation disc, one option
is to load up a password cracker. This is exactly what we'll do using
the industry standard Ophcrack. You should only use these techniques to
access your own PC. Hacking into another person's machine is a criminal
offence.
Step-by-step: Recover Windows 7 passwords
1. Boot installation disc To
reset your Windows user account password, you must first boot the
computer from the Windows 7 installation disc. Switch on your PC, and
when you're given the option to boot from DVD, quickly hit any key to
boot. After Windows loads its installation files, you'll be shown the
language setup page. Select your country to set up the keyboard, then
click the 'Next' button. 2. Repair the computer Click
'Repair your computer'. The repair software takes a few moments to load
from the installation disc, then begins examining the computer's hard
disk boot table, looking for any current Windows 7 installations to
repair. Unless you've installed many copies of the operating system by
hand, there will be just one installation, so click 'Next' to continue
the recovery process. 3. Find the C drive The
resulting screen gives you many options. Click 'Command prompt' and one
appears. The C drive is usually not mounted as C at all, so you need to
find out its current drive letter. To do this, type bcdedit | find "osdevice"
into the command line. This command results in text ending in
partition= and a drive letter. This is the letter you should use instead
of C in the following step. 4. Prepare the recovery Enter the following commands. Take care to ensure that you use the correct driver letter in place of C: copy c:\windows\system32\sethc.exe c:\ and copy c:\windows\system32\cmd.exe c:\windows\system32\sethc.exe.
When prompted, confirm the second command by typing Yes. The first
command backs up a file, and the second replaces it with the command
prompt. 5. Reboot into Windows Now
remove the installation disc and reboot. On the login screen, press the
[Shift] key five times in a row. As if by magic, a command prompt
appears. Enter the following command: Net user <name> <new password>.
Substitute the name of the account to reset and a new password as
appropriate. Close the command prompt and enter the new password to log
in. 6. Copy sethc.exe The final step we must take to restore access is to restore the sethc.exe
file we overwrote in step 4. To do so, click 'Start > Accessories',
right-click 'Command prompt' and select 'Run as Administrator'. This
gives you the right to copy sethc.exe back into the system32 folder. Now enter the command Copy c:\sethc.exe c:\windows\system32\sethc.exe. Confirm the copy to finish. 7. Download Ophcrack To crack an unknown password, we need to use a heavy duty password cracker like Ophcrack. You'll need to download it from http://ophcrack.sourceforge.net/download.php.
To get started, insert a blank, formatted DVD-RW, then right-click the
downloaded image and select 'Burn disc image'. The disc being written is
a bootable live CD containing both Linux and Ophcrack.
Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed database system for managing host
names and their associated Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Using DNS means
that people can use simple names, such as "www.jkltoys.com" to locate a
host, rather than using the IP address (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx). A single server
may only be responsible for knowing the host names and IP addresses for a
small subset of a zone, but DNS servers can work together to map all domain
names to their IP addresses. DNS servers working together is what allows
computers to communicate across the Internet.
The different types of zones used in Windows Server 2003 DNS are listed below:
Primary zone
Secondary zone
Active Directory-integrated zone
Reverse lookup zone
Stub zone
Understanding zones
DNS data is divided into manageable sets of data called zones. Zones contain
name and IP address information about one or more parts of a DNS domain. A
server that contains all of the information for a zone is the authoritative
server for the domain. Sometimes it may make sense to delegate the authority
for answering DNS queries for a particular subdomain to another DNS server.
In this case, the DNS server for the domain can be configured to refer the
subdomain queries to the appropriate server.
For backup and redundancy, zone data is often stored on servers other than
the authoritative DNS server. These other servers are called secondary
servers, which load zone data from the authoritative server. Configuring
secondary servers allows you to balance the demand on servers and also
provides a backup in case the primary server goes down. Secondary servers
obtain zone data by doing zone transfers from the authoritative server. When
a secondary server is initialized, it loads a complete copy of the zone data
from the primary server. The secondary server also reloads zone data from
the primary server or from other secondaries for that domain when zone data
changes.
DNS zone types
You can use iSeries(TM) DNS to define several types of zones to help you manage
DNS data:
Primary zone
Loads zone data directly from a file on a host. A primary zone may contain a
subzone, or child zone. It may also contain resource records such as host,
alias (CNAME), address (A), or reverse mapping pointer (PTR) records.
Note: Primary zones are sometimes referred to as "master
zones" in other BIND documentation.
Subzone
A subzone defines a zone within the primary zone. Subzones allow you to
organize zone data into manageable pieces.
Child zone
A child zone defines a subzone and delegates responsibility for the subzone
data to one or more name servers.
Alias (CNAME)
An alias defines an alternate name for a primary domain name.
Host
A host object maps A and PTR records to a host. Additional resource record may be associated with
a host.
Secondary zone
Loads zone data from a zone's primary server or another secondary server. A
secondary server maintains a complete copy of the zone for which it is a
secondary.
Note: Secondary zones are sometimes referred to as "slave
zones" in other BIND documentation.
Stub zone
A stub zone is similar to a secondary zone, but it only transfers the name
server (NS) records for that zone.
Forward zone
A forward zone directs all queries for that particular zone to other
servers.
To change the size of the virtual memory paging file
You
must be logged on as an administrator or a member of the Administrators
group in order to complete this procedure. If your computer is
connected to a network, network policy settings may also prevent you
from completing this procedure.
1.
Open System in Control Panel.
2.
On the Advanced tab, under Performance, click Settings.
3.
On the Advanced tab, under Virtual memory, click Change.
4.
Under Drive [Volume Label], click the drive that contains the paging file you want to change.
5.
Under Paging file size for selected drive, click Custom size, and type a new paging file size in megabytes in the Initial size (MB) or Maximum size (MB) box, and then click Set.
If
you decrease the size of either the initial or maximum page file
settings, you must restart your computer to see the effects of those
changes. Increases typically do not require a restart.
Note
•
To open System, click Start, click Control Panel, click Performance and Maintenance, and then click System.
•
To have Windows choose the best paging file size, click System managed size.
•
For best performance, do not set the initial size to less than the minimum recommended size under Total paging file size for all drives.
The recommended size is equivalent to 1.5 times the amount of RAM on
your system. Usually, you should leave the paging file at its
recommended size, although you might increase its size if you routinely
use programs that require a lot of memory.
•
To delete a paging file, set both initial size and maximum size to zero, or click No paging file. Microsoft strongly recommends that you do not disable or delete the paging fil
Increase Virtual Memory on Vista
To increase the initial virtual memory on your computer, with Windows Vista:
1. Open Windows Start
2. Click Control Panel. On the left, select Classic View.
3. Click the System icon.
3. On the left, select the Advanced System Settings.
4. Under Performance, click Settings.
5. In Performance Options, select the Advanced tab.
6. Under Virtual Memory, click Change.
7. In Virtual Memory, uncheck Automatically manage paging file size for all drives.
8. Check Custom size, and type in the sizes you want.
Although there is no single right answer, we often recommend these sizes:
Initial minimum: 1536 or 3072 or 4096
Maximum: 4096
8. Click Set, then OK, and restart your computer.
Increase Virtual Memory on XP
To increase the initial virtual memory on your computer, with Windows XP:
1. Open Windows Start
2. Right-click on My Computer and select Properties.
3. Select the Advanced tab.
4. Under Performance, click Settings.
5. In Performance Options, select the Advanced tab.
6. Under Virtual Memory, click Change.
7. In Virtual Memory, check Custom size, and type in the sizes you want.
Although there is no single right answer, we often recommend these sizes:
Initial minimum: 1536 or 3072 or 4096
Maximum: 4096
8. Click Set, then OK, and restart your computer.
Increase Windows 2000
Right-click My Computer and then click Properties.
In the System Properties dialog box, click Advanced
Click Performance Options.
In the Virtual memory pane, click Change to increase the paging file.
Windows 2000 requires an Initial value of 126 MB for debugging.
After you change the setting, click Set, and then click OK.
In the System Control Panel Applet dialog box, click OK to the following message:
The changes you have made require you to restart your computer before they can take effect.
Click OK to close the Performance Options dialog box, and then click OK to close the System Properties dialog box.
When you are prompted to restart your computer, click Yes.
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