What are system partitions and boot partitions? Operating System Boot Process

System Boot Sequence
The system BIOS is what starts the computer running when you turn it on. The following are the steps that a typical boot sequence involves. Of course this will vary by the manufacturer of your hardware, BIOS, etc., and especially by what peripherals you have in the PC. Here is what generally happens when you turn on your system power:

Hard Disk and Partitions:-

Partitioning is a process of dividing the Hard disk into several chunks, and use any one of the partition to install OS or use two or more partitions to install multiple OSes. But you can always have one partition, and use up the entire Hard disk space to install a single OS, but this will become data management nightmare for users of large Hard disks.

This is where advantage of partitioning lie!

Now, because of the structure of the Master Boot Record (MBR), you can have only four partitions, and these four partitions are called Primary Partitions.
Again, If we have a large hard disk, we can not have only four primary partitions, hence Extended Partition is introduced. This Extended Partition is not a usable partition by itself, but it’s like a “container” and it is used to hold Logical Drives!
That is this Extended Partition can be subdivided into multiple logical partitions.

In order to boot into a Partition, it must be designated as bootable partition or Active Partition. Active Partition is that partition which is flagged as bootable or which contains OS, this is generally a Primary Partition.

When operating system is started, it must be available to the hardware. But how hardware knows that where is Kernel located and how it can load Kernel??
The process of starting the system by loading the Kernel in the memory, is called System Boot.

Bootstrap Program:

A small piece of code which locates the kernel and loads it into the memory, is called Bootstrap Program or Bootstrap loader. This program will start the execution of Kernel as well.
Although in some systems, a two step process is used, in which:

• In the first step, bootstrap program fetch a complex boot program from disk.
• In the second step, the program that is fetched by bootstrap, loads the Kernel.

When a CPU is re-booted, its instruction register is loaded with a pre-defined location and its execution is started. The bootstrap program is initially at this location. This program will be in the form of ROM, because the RAM is in un-known state at the startup. ROM is used because:

• It does not need any initialization.
• It cannot be easily affected by any virus.

Tasks Performed by Bootstrap:

Bootstrap performs a variety of tasks. Let's have a look at some of them:

• It runs the diagnostics to determine the state of the system. If diagnostics pass, it will continue with the booting steps, otherwise not.
• It initializes all the aspects of the system.
• It starts the operating system.

System Boot in small Operating systems:

Some small handheld devices such as Mobile phones, PDAs and game consoles store the operating system in ROM. This approach is used for small operating systems and simple hardware. But there is a problem with this approach, if we want to change the bootstrap code, we will have to manipulate the ROM chips. In some systems, this problem is resolved by using EPROM. All types of ROM are also known as Firmwares. The characteristics of firmware falls in between the hardware and software.
A problem with firmware is that they are slower as compared to RAM. It has a solution too. Some systems store the operating system in firmware and when it has to executed, they loaded it in RAM.

System Boot in Large Operating systems:

For large operating systems such as Windows and Linux, the operating system is stored in disk and bootstrap is stored in firmware. In this approach:

• Bootstrap runs the diagnostics.
• Bootstrap has code which will read the small block from disk into the memory.
• Then, the code from this block will be executed.
• The program located in the boot block, will load the operating system in the memory and start its execution.
• Then, the bootstrap program will traverse the file system to find the Kernel.
• When Kernel will be found, it will be loaded in the memory and its execution will sta